„Fortezza Medicea (Siena)“ – Versionsunterschied
| [gesichtete Version] | [gesichtete Version] |
AZ: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: Die '''Fortezza Medicea''' in Siena (auch unter dem Namen '''Forte Santa Barbara bekannt''') ist e… |
Englischen Originalartikel aus lizenzrechtlichen Gründen eingefügt |
||
| Zeile 1: | Zeile 1: | ||
{{Coord|43|19|19.78|N|11|19|24.20|E|display=title|type:landmark_region:IT}} |
|||
Die '''Fortezza Medicea''' in [[Siena]] (auch unter dem Namen '''Forte Santa Barbara bekannt''') ist eine zwischen 1561 und 1561 auf Befehl des [[Florenz|Florentiner]] Herzogs [[Cosimo I. de’ Medici]] errichtete Festung. Sie liegt am Nordwestrand der historischen Altstadt in unmittelbarer Nähe zum Stadion des heimischen Fußballvereins [[SS Robur Siena]]. [[Datei:Walls of Siena 4.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Spitze der Südostbastion der Fortezza Medocea]] |
|||
[[File:Walls of Siena 4.jpg|Il bastione rivolto a sud.|200px|thumb|right]] |
|||
[[Siena]]’s '''Fortezza Medicea''' (the '''Medici Fortress''' sometimes called the '''Fort of Saint Barbara'''<ref name=fortonline>{{ cite web|url=http://www.sienaonline.it/fortezza_medicea_siena.html|title=Forte di Santa Barbara o Fortezza Medicea|accessdate=11 February 2011}}</ref>) is a fort built in the city between 1561 and 1563 on the orders of [[Duke of Florence|Duke]] [[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Cosimo]], a few years before he became the first [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Grand Duke of Tuscany]]. |
|||
The fortress is positioned on the northern edge of the central Siena in the Terzo of Camollia, in the neighborhood of San Prospero, and since 1923 has overlooked the [[Stadio Artemio Franchi – Montepaschi Arena|city’s Artemio Franchi /Montepaschi Arena]]. |
|||
== Geschichte == |
|||
Der Bau der als Zwingburg gedachten Festung begann, nachdem die [[Schlacht von Marciano]] 1554 die endgültige Niederlage der [[Republik Siena]] gegen ihren alten Erzrivalen [[Republik Florenz|Florenz]] besiegelt hatte. 1548 hatte Kaiser [[Karl V. (HRR)|Karl V.]] an derselben Stelle schon einmal eine Festung errichten lassen, die Siena unter [[Königreich Spanien|spanischer]] Kontrolle halten sollte. Jedoch erhoben sich die Sienesen am 26. Juli 1552 gegen die Besatzer und zerstörten die Befestigungen. |
|||
==History== |
|||
Nicht ganz drei Jahre später musste sich Siena am 21. April 1555 nach mehr als einjähriger Belagerung den spanischen und [[Großherzogtum Toskana|toskanischen]] Truppen ergeben, und obwohl ein Rest der Republik Siena mit [[Königreich Frankreich|französischer]] Hilfe von [[Montalcino]] aus den Widerstand fortsetzte, verblieb die Stadt selbst unter spanischer Herrschaft. Der [[Frieden von Cateau-Cambrésis]] zwischen Spanien und Frankreich brachte schließlich das endgültige Ende der Republik, und Siena fiel endgültig an Florenz.[[Datei:Walls of Siena 2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Kurtine von der Stadtseite]] |
|||
[[File:Walls of Siena 2.jpg|The fortress wall from the city side|250px|thumb|left]] |
|||
Construction of the fortress followed the [[Battle of Marciano]] which in 1554 marked the final defeat of Siena by its long-standing rival, [[Duchy of Florence|Florence]]. It was located on the site of a previous fort, known as the Cittadella/Citadel, which had been built in 1548 on the orders of the [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles V]] after the city came under the control of [[Spain]], subjected to the authority of the Spanish ambassador, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza. |
|||
On 26 July 1552 the Sienese rose up against the Spanish, expelling them from the city and destroying the Citadel/Cittadella.<ref name=comune>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comune.siena.it/main.asp?id=3868| title=Fortezza Medicea}}</ref> |
|||
Um die Sienesen an der Wiedererlangung ihrer Unabhängigkeit zu hindern, befahl der Herzog 1561 die Errichtung einer neuen Festung an der Stelle der 1552 niedergerissenen spanischen Zwingburg. Die Bauarbeiten wurden von Cosimos Architekten [[Baldassare Lanci]] aus [[Urbino]] geleitet, der seine Karriere als Militärbaumeister begonnen hatte. Nach nur zwei Jahren Bauzeit war das Werk 1563 vollendet. |
|||
Slightly less than three years later, on 21 April 1555, after more than a year under siege by Spanish and Tuscan troops, the city surrendered. The Republic of Siena, supported by its [[France|French]] allies, continued to defy the Spanish from [[Montalcino]], but the city of Siena itself was now back under Spanish control. Four years later, in April 1559, the [[Italian War of 1551–1559#Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)|Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis]] was signed between [[France]] and [[Holy Roman Empire|Spain]]. This left the Republic of Siena without allies and led to total surrender. The city fell under the control of Spain’s regional ally, the [[Florence|Florentine]] [[Duke of Florence|Duke]] [[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Cosimo]]. |
|||
Die militärische Nutzung der Festung wurde erst Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts aufgegeben, und nach einer umfassenden Restaurierung 1937 wurde sie einer neuen Bestimmung als öffentliche Parkanlage zugeführt, die sie auch heute noch erfüllt. Außerdem werden im Hof der Festung Veranstaltungen und Konzerte abgehalten, und die Befestigungsanlagen beherbergen eine große [[Enoteca]] mit Weinen aus allen Teilen Italiens. |
|||
In order to prevent any attempt by the Sienese to recover their independence, Cosimo ordered the construction of the present fortress on the site of the earlier Spanish [[Citadel]]. The project was entrusted to Cosimo’s celebrated [[Urbino]] born architect, [[Baldassarre Lanci]] who had started his career as a military engineer. Construction commenced in 1561 and was completed just two years later in 1563. |
|||
== Baugestalt == |
|||
Die Festungswerke bilden ein mit der Längsseite in südwestlich-nordöstlich ausgerichtetes Rechteck und etwa 125 x 180 m groß. Sie sind an jeder Ecke mit einer Bastion nach neuitalienischer Manier versehen, die Mauern bestehen aus Ziegeln mit Verzierungen aus gehauenem Stein. Von Bastionsspitze zu Bastionsspitze misst die Anlage etwa 275 x 200 m, die Wälle haben insgesamt einen Umfang von etwa 1500 m. Die Wälle sind etwa 20 m stark und 13 bis 14 m hoch. Drei Bastionsspitzen tragen das Wappen der Medici, nur eine (die nach Süden weisende) zeigt einen Löwenkopf. |
|||
The fortress was demilitarized only at the end of the eighteenth century, at which point it became part of the city’s public life. In 1937, following a major restoration, the fortress was transformed into its present condition as a public park. It houses an [[Enoteca| Enoteca (a commercial center focused on the local wine industry)]] and frequently hosts art exhibitions. It is also used for festivals and concerts and is home to the Siena Jazz foundation. |
|||
Der Haupteingang befindet sich auf der Nordostseite. Die Wälle sind heute mit Parkanlagen versehen, mit Bäumen bepflanzt und u.a. als Joggingstrecke beliebt. An der Südostseite steht eine Statue der heiligen [[Katharina von Siena]], die in Richtung der Kirche [[Basilica di San Domenico (Siena)|Basilica di San Domenico]] einige hundert Meter weiter nach Südosten blickt, wo sich ein Teil ihrer Reliquien befindet. |
|||
== |
==Structure== |
||
[[File:Katharina-af-Siena.jpg|Statue of Saint Catherin of Siena, facing towards the city|200px|thumb|right]] |
|||
Originally built on an “L” shaped footprint, the fortress was subsequently transformed into its current rectangular form. On each of the four corners is an imposing brick built rampart, and on three of these the [[:it: Stemma dei Medici|Medici coat of arms]] stands above the head of a [[lion]].<ref name=toscanissima>{{Cite web|url=http://www.toscanissima.com/siena/sienafortezza.php| title=Fortezza Medicea}}</ref> On the fourth, south facing corner, however, there is only the head of a [[lion]]. |
|||
The fortress is a substantial structure, with internal dimensions of approximately 180 by 125 meters and external dimensions of about 270 by 200 meters. If the outer wall is included, the structure has an external perimeter of approximately 1,500 meters. |
|||
The entrance is on the north-east side, facing [[Florence]], and now close to the Giardini della Lizza / Lizza Gardens. On the inside the hugely wide walls are topped with broad paths, lined with trees and benches. Within the walls a permanent theatre shaped structure has now been created in order to support the public role of the fortress. |
|||
On the outside, the fortress is positioned between the city’s stadium and the Lizza Gardens. On the south-east side, which faces the city, a statue of the city’s saint, [[Catherine of Siena]], has recently been erected. |
|||
{{commons category|Fortezza Medicea (Siena)}} |
|||
== External links == |
|||
* [http://www.comune.siena.it/main.asp?id=3868 Comune di Siena - La Fortezza Medicea] |
* [http://www.comune.siena.it/main.asp?id=3868 Comune di Siena - La Fortezza Medicea] |
||
==Sources== |
|||
{{Coordinate|article=DMS|NS=43.322236|EW=11.323293|type=mountain|region=IT}} |
|||
<references/> |
|||
{{Siena landmarks}} |
|||
[[Category:Castles in Tuscany]] |
|||
[[Kategorie:Siena]] |
|||
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Siena]] |
|||
[[Kategorie:Festung in Italien]] |
|||
[[Category:History of Tuscany]] |
|||
[[Kategorie:Historisches Zentrum von Siena]] |
|||
[[Category:Renaissance architecture in Siena]] |
|||
Version vom 15. Januar 2017, 17:29 Uhr
Siena’s Fortezza Medicea (the Medici Fortress sometimes called the Fort of Saint Barbara[1]) is a fort built in the city between 1561 and 1563 on the orders of Duke Cosimo, a few years before he became the first Grand Duke of Tuscany.
The fortress is positioned on the northern edge of the central Siena in the Terzo of Camollia, in the neighborhood of San Prospero, and since 1923 has overlooked the city’s Artemio Franchi /Montepaschi Arena.
History
Construction of the fortress followed the Battle of Marciano which in 1554 marked the final defeat of Siena by its long-standing rival, Florence. It was located on the site of a previous fort, known as the Cittadella/Citadel, which had been built in 1548 on the orders of the Emperor Charles V after the city came under the control of Spain, subjected to the authority of the Spanish ambassador, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza.
On 26 July 1552 the Sienese rose up against the Spanish, expelling them from the city and destroying the Citadel/Cittadella.[2]
Slightly less than three years later, on 21 April 1555, after more than a year under siege by Spanish and Tuscan troops, the city surrendered. The Republic of Siena, supported by its French allies, continued to defy the Spanish from Montalcino, but the city of Siena itself was now back under Spanish control. Four years later, in April 1559, the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis was signed between France and Spain. This left the Republic of Siena without allies and led to total surrender. The city fell under the control of Spain’s regional ally, the Florentine Duke Cosimo.
In order to prevent any attempt by the Sienese to recover their independence, Cosimo ordered the construction of the present fortress on the site of the earlier Spanish Citadel. The project was entrusted to Cosimo’s celebrated Urbino born architect, Baldassarre Lanci who had started his career as a military engineer. Construction commenced in 1561 and was completed just two years later in 1563.
The fortress was demilitarized only at the end of the eighteenth century, at which point it became part of the city’s public life. In 1937, following a major restoration, the fortress was transformed into its present condition as a public park. It houses an Enoteca (a commercial center focused on the local wine industry) and frequently hosts art exhibitions. It is also used for festivals and concerts and is home to the Siena Jazz foundation.
Structure
Originally built on an “L” shaped footprint, the fortress was subsequently transformed into its current rectangular form. On each of the four corners is an imposing brick built rampart, and on three of these the Medici coat of arms stands above the head of a lion.[3] On the fourth, south facing corner, however, there is only the head of a lion.
The fortress is a substantial structure, with internal dimensions of approximately 180 by 125 meters and external dimensions of about 270 by 200 meters. If the outer wall is included, the structure has an external perimeter of approximately 1,500 meters.
The entrance is on the north-east side, facing Florence, and now close to the Giardini della Lizza / Lizza Gardens. On the inside the hugely wide walls are topped with broad paths, lined with trees and benches. Within the walls a permanent theatre shaped structure has now been created in order to support the public role of the fortress.
On the outside, the fortress is positioned between the city’s stadium and the Lizza Gardens. On the south-east side, which faces the city, a statue of the city’s saint, Catherine of Siena, has recently been erected.
External links
Sources
- ↑ Forte di Santa Barbara o Fortezza Medicea. Abgerufen am 11. Februar 2011.
- ↑ Fortezza Medicea.
- ↑ Fortezza Medicea.